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IB Physics IA
EXAMPLES
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How does the slit width of a single slit affect the maximum angle of visible diffraction for a monochromatic source?
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EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION
The research question of how the slit width of a single slit affects the maximum angle of visible diffraction for a monochromatic source was explored in this practical. To carry out this investigation, a laser was used as the monochromatic source and the slit width was adjusted to measure the angle of diffraction. Analysis of the data concluded that the slit width is inversely proportional to the maximum angle of visible diffraction. This research is relevant to the global economy as it has implications for the design of optical instruments such as telescopes and microscopes. As a student, I am interested in exploring the practical implications of this research further and its potential applications.
EXAMPLE VARIABLES SECTION
Independent Variable: Slit Width
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Measured in millimeters (mm).
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The slit width will be stated on the diffraction grating.
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The manufacturer will state the uncertainity on the grating. However, further uncertainities may arise when the diffraction grating is old. The plastic may have shrunk, reducing the grating spacing.
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The range of values for the slit width that can be expected in this experiment is 0.01mm - 0.5mm, as this range covers the width of a standard single slit.
Dependent Variable: Maximum angle of visible diffraction
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Measured in degrees (°).
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Protractor will be used to measure angle
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Random uncertainties may arise in the measured angle if the protractor is too small.
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The range of values expected will be between 0° and 90°.
Control Variables
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The distance of the slit from the screen. This will be kept constant because increasing the distance from the screen will increase the maximum angle of diffraction. This can be done by using a clamp to fix the position of the slit.
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The type of light source used. This will be kept constant because different intensities of light will change the intensities of the maximum angle and distort measurements. This can be done by using the same type of light source throughout the experiment.
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The wavelength of the light source. This will be kept constant because increasing the wavelength of light will increase the maximum angle of diffraction. This can be done by using a monochromatic source of light with a single wavelength throughout the experiment.
EXAMPLE METHOD
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Attach the ruler/calipers to the clamp, then attach the clamp to the table. Position the light source at one end of the ruler and the screen at the other end.
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Record the width of the slit stated on the grating. If possible, use the Vernier Callipers to confirm.
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Turn on the light bulb and place the red filter in front of the bulb to ensure the light is monochromatic. Observe the diffraction pattern on the screen.
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Measure the maximum angle of visible diffraction using the protractor.
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Repeat steps 3-5 for different slit widths, taking care that the slit-to-screen distance remains constant.
EXAMPLE EVALUATION SECTION
Limitations
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Inability to accurately measure the width of the slit
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Variable intensity of the light source
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Inaccurate positioning of the light source
Effect on Results
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Errors in the measurement of the slit width can lead to errors in the data collected. If the slit width is wider than stated, the max angle of diffraction would be smaller.
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Variations in the intensity of the light source can affect the diffraction pattern observed on the screen and thus the data collected. A weak intensity means that the extremes of the diffraction pattern are less easily observed, meaning that the max angle of diffraction is recorded to be smaller than it actually is.
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If the light source is not positioned exactly at one end of the ruler, the data collected will be inaccurate.
Possible Improvements
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Measure the width of the slit using a more precise instrument such as a micrometer.
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Use a light source with a consistent intensity, such as a laser.
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Use a stand or mount with adjustable height and angle to accurately position the light source at one end of the ruler.
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IB Biology IA
EXAMPLES
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How does the pH level of water affect the rate of photosynthesis in Egeria densa?
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EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION
This investigation was conducted to answer the question, how does the pH level of water affect the rate of photosynthesis in Egeria densa? To carry out this investigation, a pH meter was used to measure the initial pH of the water in three beakers, and then different amounts of lime water and elemental sulfur were added to each beaker to adjust the pH of the water. Egeria densa was then added to each beaker, and the volume of oxygen released was monitored for an hour. Analysis of the data concluded that Egeria Densa has a wide tolerance for pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 10, with the optimum at pH 8. This research is important, as it can be used in the manufacturing of fertilisers, and is relevant to globalisation, sustainability and economics. As a student I'm from a farming community, and so I am interested in pursuing this research question further to see if the results are replicable in natural settings.
EXAMPLE VARIABLES SECTION
Independent Variable: pH of the water.
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It is measured in pH units.
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The apparatus used to measure the pH of the water is a pH meter.
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The main problem in measuring/changing the pH is that the pH meter needs to be calibrated to ensure accuracy of the readings.
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The range of values that can be expected in this experiment for the independent variable is between 6.5 and 8.5, as this is the range of the pH of the water that the Egeria densa can survive in.
Dependent Variable: Rate of photosynthesis.
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It is measured in ml of oxygen released per minute.
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The apparatus used to measure the rate of photosynthesis is an inverted measuring cylinder in water.
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The main problem in measuring this variable is that the measuring cylinder needs to be positioned correctly so that it is able to measure the volume of oxygen released accurately.
Control Variables
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The amount of light available to the Egeria densa. To keep the amount of light available to the Egeria densa constant, the experiment should be conducted in a room with the same light intensity throughout the experiment
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The temperature of the water. To keep the temperature of the water constant, the experiment should be done in a room with a constant temperature and the water should be stirred regularly during the experiment
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The amount of Egeria densa in the water. To keep the amount of Egeria densa in the water constant, the same amount of Egeria densa should be added to each container
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The amount of lime water added to the water. To keep the amount of lime water added to the water constant, the same amount of lime water should be added to each container.
EXAMPLE METHOD
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Begin by calibrating the pH meter.
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Fill six beakers with the same amount of water and label them.
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Measure the initial pH of the water in each beaker using the pH meter.
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Add different amounts of lime water and elemental sulfur to each beaker to adjust the pH of the water in each beaker.
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Add the same amount of Egeria densa to each beaker.
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Place an inverted measuring cylinder in each beaker and record the initial volume of oxygen in each beaker.
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Place the beakers in an area with the same light intensity.
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Stir the water in each beaker every 10 minutes and record the volume of oxygen released.
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Monitor the volume of oxygen in each beaker for an hour.
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Calculate the rate of photosynthesis for each beaker by dividing the total volume of oxygen released by the time taken.
EXAMPLE EVALUATION SECTION
Limitations
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The pH of the beakers may not be accurately measured due to the limited accuracy of the pH meter.
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The light intensity in the area may not be the same for all beakers, as not all beakers may be exposed to the same amount of light.
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The stirring of the water in the beakers may not be consistent, as the beakers may be stirred with different amounts of force.
Effect on Results
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If the accuracy of the pH meter is limited, then the results will not accurately reflect the pH of the water in each beaker and the data collected may not be reliable.
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If the light intensity is not the same for each beaker, then the rate of photosynthesis in each beaker will not be consistent and the data collected will be affected.
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If the stirring of the water in the beakers is not consistent, then the data collected will be affected as the oxygen released in each beaker will not be evenly distributed.
Possible Improvements
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Use a more accurate pH meter to measure the pH of the water in each beaker.
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Place the beakers in an area with controlled light intensity.
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Use a stirrer to stir the water in each beaker at a constant speed.
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IB Chemistry IA
EXAMPLES
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Does the structure of an alcohol affect its standard enthalpy of combustion?
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EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION
To answer the research question, “Does the structure of an alcohol affect its standard enthalpy of combustion?”, a practical was carried out using a range of alcohols with different lengths of carbon chain, a spirit burner, a scale, a calorimeter, and 200ml of water. Analysis of the data concluded that the length of carbon chain is directly proportional to the standard enthalpy of combustion. This research is relevant to the global issue of alcohols being used as alternate fuels to prevent global warming. As a student, I am interested in pursuing this research question further as I want to work in the energy sector developing alternate fuels.
EXAMPLE VARIABLES SECTION
Independent Variable: length of the carbon chain of alcohol.
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It is measured in number of carbon atoms.
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The apparatus used to measure this is a scale.
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The problem with measuring this variable is that the alcohols may not be pure.
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The range of values in this experiment can be expected to be between 1 and 5 carbon atoms as these are the alcohols being tested.
Dependent Variable: standard enthalpy of combustion of the alcohols.
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It is measured in joules.
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The apparatus used to measure this is an enthalpy of combustion calorimeter.
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The problem with measuring this variable is that the calorimeter may not be able to measure small changes in the enthalpy of combustion accurately.
Control Variables
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Temperature of the water. To keep the temperature of the water constant, the same temperature should be used each time the experiment is conducted. This will be done using a thermometer.
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Mass of the alcohol. To keep the mass of the alcohol constant, the same amount of alcohol should be measured each time the experiment is conducted. This will be done using an electronic balance.
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Volume of the water. To keep the volume of the water constant, the same volume of water should be used each time the experiment is conducted.
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Type of spirit burner. To keep the type of spirit burner constant, the same type of spirit burner should be used each time the experiment is conducted.
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Time of the reaction. To keep the time of the reaction constant, the same amount of time should be used each time the experiment is conducted.
EXAMPLE METHOD
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Measure out the same mass of alcohol for each length of carbon chain alcohol, and record the value
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Place the measured alcohol in the spirit burner and light the burner.
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Place the calorimeter over the flame of the spirit burner and wait until the temperature of the water increases by 10 degrees Celsius.
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After the temperature of the water has increased by 10 degrees Celsius, turn off the spirit burner and remove the calorimeter.
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Measure the mass of the alcohol again, and record the value.
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Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion using the mass of the alcohol before and after.
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Repeat the experiment for the remaining alcohols.
EXAMPLE EVALUATION SECTION
Limitations
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The alcohols may not be pure, meaning the measurements of mass are not precise
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The spirit burner may not be able to provide a consistent and even heat source.
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The calorimeter may not be able to accurately measure the temperature of the water, leading to inaccurate enthalpy of combustion values.
Effect on Results
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This may lead to inaccurate measurements of the mass of the alcohols, resulting in inaccurate enthalpy of combustion values
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An inconsistent and uneven heat source from the spirit burner may lead to inaccurate enthalpy of combustion values.
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An inaccurate measurement of the temperature of the water may lead to inaccurate enthalpy of combustion values.
Possible Improvements
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Rather than using manufactured alcohols, the alcohols could be distilled in the lab first as a preliminary experiment. This would ensure purity of the alcohols.
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Use a Bunsen burner with a more consistent and even heat source.
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Use a thermometer to accurately measure the temperature of the water.